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Buckingham played an important military role, protecting the Saxons from the invading Danes. By the time of the Norman Conquest, the town had become a Royal borough.
King William II granted Buckingham to Walter Giffard, who later became the Earl of Buckingham.
In 1724 a fire that began in the Unicorn Inn, in Market Square, destroyed more than 100 houses and over 500 people were made homeless. They were re-housed in brick-built houses in Cow Fair.
Buckingham lost its county status at the time of Henry VIII, but local people tried very hard to win it back. Lord Cobham built the gaol on Market Hill, to house the summer assizes, which were held in Buckingham until 1849. At that time Aylesbury built a new County Hall and won back the assizes.
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